The Life Path is determined by the sum that is arrived at after reducing your birth date by adding digits together. This number represents the traits and talents that you were born with and the probable journey you will take during your lifetime. In a way it represents what path you will take regardless of your essence, which is represented by the calculation of the Soul Number. If you calculate your Soul Number (as taught in another New Age Notebook) you can contrast the two numbers to see what your unique challenges are in life.
First convert the month you were born in to a single number. Let’s use Angelina Jolie who was born in June 4, 1975 as an example.
First convert the month to a single number or master number. Note that when calculating months, double digit months such as September, October November and December do not reduce down to a single digit. For example November, which is the 11th month, equates to the number 2 after you add 1+1 together.
Angelina Jolie’s birthday does not reduce down to a single digit. Her birth month is the sixth month of the year. Her month number is 6.
Your next step is to convert your day of birth to a single digit. For instance, if you were born on the 17th then you would add 1 and 7 together to reduce the number to 8. If you were born on the 29th you would reduce to the master number 11. In that case, further reduce the number to 1.
Angelina Jolie’s birthday does not have to be reduced as she was born on the 4th, so her number is 4.
Next, add the total digits of the birth year and reduce them to a single number. Jolie’s birth year is 1975 so you would add 1+9+7+5 to arrive at a sum that represents the year number. In Jolie’s case the year is the master number 22. This would be reduced to simply 2.
Now add the month sum, birth sum and year sum together. For Jolie it would be:
6+4+2 = 12
If you get a double digit, as is the case with Angelina Jolie, reduce the number down further.
1+2 =3
Angelina Jolie’s Life Path number is a 3.
Reduce your own birthday down to a single number and then find the interpretation below that describes your journey. Those configurations that also result in a master number such as 11, 22 or 33 should read the life path prediction for that number as well. For instance if your birthday reduces to 22 and then down to a 4, then you should read the interoperations for both the numbers 4 and 22.
INTERPRETATIONS OF THE LIFE PATH NUMBER
Life Path Number 1
If you are a 1, you are motivated by a need for soul freedom and personal attainment. Your prime directive is to learn how to be independent from others in all ways, but especially emotionally and financially.
Number 1s often have the potential to be great leaders but the often abysmally fail when it comes to teamwork and cooperation. For this reason, they make great entrepreneurs, freelancers, generals, commanders, CEOs and producers.
Usually number 1’s spend at least two thirds of their life trying to shake off the emotional and financial shackles imposed on them by others. They are usually self-made individuals who, like salmon swimming upstream, have to overcome great odds in order to succeed. They innovative and inventive personalities usually end up changing the world for the better in some way.
A person with a number 1 Life Path is usually blessed with motivation, enthusiasm, creativity and inspiration. They tend to be physically healthier and mentally stronger than most people are. Their good looks vitality and lust for life is a source of awe for others who often admire their stamina and ability to get their act together.
However sometimes a person traveling the number 1 Life path can be self-absorbed, pushy and overwhelming. Their aggression and ambition is often interpreted as hostility and selfishness. Most number 1’s learn hard lessons about the value of good timing and tact during their life journey.
Many who try to have relationships with number 1s cannot stomach their driving ambition and social climbing, which is indicative of their lust for success (especially material) at any cost. They tend to see people as objects and are possessive, jealous and obsessive. They are also not beyond entertaining an infidelity that will advance their career.
Number 1s who stray from their paths often end up in clingy codependent relationships with mentally ill or addicted partners. If you are a number 1 and experiencing this kind of situation, it is a definite message that you are failing your life’s purpose to become self-sufficient in life.
Life Path Number 2
Those following a number 2 Life Path tend to be diplomatic, sensitive individuals. As they have an inherent sense of morality and fairness, they tend to be indecisive as they can clearly see both sides of any conundrum or argument. They often make great judges, mediators, lawyers, counselors or social workers because they have an incredible talent for resolving disputes.
These loving, optimistic individuals prefer to see only the best in others. They are honest almost to the point of fault. They have high emotional quotients and thrive best in a work setting that requires teamwork. Number 2’s are always respected for their politeness, tact and ability to inspire groups of people to perform acts of charity and philanthropy. Number 2’s never “stoop to conquer” and consider themselves to be above arguing with others.
Number 2s function best in nine to five jobs where the routine is the same every day. Erratic behaviors, drama queens and overt displays of physical affection upset them.
These natural collectors are also pack rats and are the type to keep everything that they have owned since birth in the attic or basement. As they are also very sentimental and nostalgic, many of them collect antiques and photographs of loved ones.
As the life purpose of a number 2 is to bring harmony to group situations it is very important for them to get out and socialize. A number 2 that is isolating has strayed from his or her life path. Pessimism, lethargy and depression usually identify this. The best way for a number 2 to get back on the right path is to find a job that involves working with the general public or to find a way to practice acts of charity or philanthropy. Nothing corrects a number 2’s karma more efficiently than acts of random kindness or volunteering for a hospital, school or shelter. In fact, that is how many of them meet their soul mates.
Life Path Number 3
Followers of Life Path number 3 are effervescent personalities whose journey often leads to artistic acclaim or social popularity. Number 3s are the entertainers of the world and most of them are truly gifted musicians, writers, actors, dancers, public speakers and politicians.
A number 3 is not fulfilled until there has been some public acknowledgement of his or her unique talent. The number 3 life path is one that is characterized by beauty, excitement, eccentricity and social popularity. These unique, expressive personalities often easily acquire, fame and glory.
This number is also usually blessed with a warm, charismatic personality and an incredible sense of personal faith and optimism. Their attractive physical appearance also often captures the imaginations of others and they make excellent muses and models.
Often a number 3 is also a witty or poetic individual who is an entertaining conversationalist. At the same time they are known for their understanding of human nature as well as their ability to really listen to others and truly comprehend their emotional needs.
Number 3’s are also excellent chefs and hosts and boast exquisite taste in fashion and home decoration. They are often sought after socially as others find them physically as well as spiritually beautiful.
Usually a number 3 is quite stubborn and plays to win no matter how high the cost of success. Their unusual stamina and vigor makes it easier for them to rebound from setbacks in life than most people. Often these setbacks are of a financial or romantic nature as their idealism and spontaneity sometimes causes them to make bad choices.
However a number 3 is usually quite humble and very capable of being honest with themselves about their mistakes.
Number 3’s stray off their life path by giving up their dreams and talents. Many escape into alcohol or drug abuse to avoid hearing the nagging voice of their constant inspiration. If you are a number 3 who is not finding themselves in the spotlight because of personal problems then this is a wake-up call to follow your heart’s desire. Your exuberant nature can take you further than most people, especially if you give yourself permission to focus your energies and talents.
Life Path Number 4
Those following the Life Path of a number 4 often end up becoming the pillars of the community. These individuals are hard working, practical and trustworthy. They have the practical skills to bring dreams of others into reality.
However, self-sacrificing number 4’s often demand too much both of themselves and others. For this reason many of them develop personal reputations as martyrs or tyrants. The will power and stubbornness of the number 4 can also be interpreted as greed and selfishness. This completely baffles the confused number 4 whose intentions are usually to benefit the good of all.
These sensitive individuals can also be very set in their ways and traumatized by any changes to their routines. It is difficult to ever convince a number 4 that he or she might be wrong, as they do not respond well to criticism. The tenacity and obsessive character traits of the number 4 often earn him or her the title of workaholic. Still many have profited from a number 4’s devotion to performing thankless tasks and rigid sense of organization.
These loyal individuals make fantastic marriage and business partners. At first a number 4 can be very difficult to get to know because they usually play their cards very close to their chest. They don’t believe that life is a popularity contest so they tend to make just a few close friends rather than sparkle in a crowd on the party circuit.
Dependable and predictable number 4’s are associated with the earth element so they can have a very grounding influence on others. However their fear of talking can make them seem very uptight. They can also be so over focused on the tasks at hand that they miss big opportunities that come their way.
People following the number 4 life path are often learning lessons about letting go of emotional insecurity. Signs that a number 4 is straying off the path are hostility from others, jealousy, possessiveness and a life made leaden and heavy by a lack of sense of humor.
Sometimes a number 4’s adherence to routine is obsessive to the point of being pathological. If you believe that changing your routine even in the slightest might destroy your business or happiness in one way then you may be a number 4 who is becoming paralyzed by insecurity. Your way back on the path would be to let loose a little and develop some flexibility and tolerance of others.
Life Path Number 5
Those traveling the number 5 Life Path are adventurous and highly inquisitive individuals who consider hands on experience to be the best teacher in life. Many of them are deeply intelligent, philosophical and spiritually minded. They love to theorize about the nature of existence. Despite their sometimes-spacey demeanor, many are sincere seekers of solutions to mankind’s problems.
Number 5’s abhor routine and daily chores. They are often excellent at initiating many projects, but rarely follow through on any of them. Number 5’s are lousy at self-care and housework, preferring instead to follow their whims and impulses. For this reason, they do not thrive well in office environments.
Number 5’s, however, can be great communicators and are excellent when it comes to the abstraction of any subject. For this reason they make great social anthropologists, archaeologists and historians. Some number 5’s also make excellent teachers.
Usually at one point in their life, a number 5 experiences some kind of spiritual or emotional catharsis that causes them to trade in a standard career for a self-made profession such as an artist, investigator or journalist. Most number 5’s are multi-talented but lack the discipline or desire to follow one path. For this reason, many number 5’s end up leading chaotic and even catastrophic lives when it comes to finances.
Number 5’s also hate to make plans and prefer to live in the present. Their happy-go-lucky attitudes demonstrate an incredible faith that the universe will take care of them. The opposite sex often finds their devil-may-care attitudes to be exciting and romantic, that is until they end up supporting a number 5 that lacks life-direction.
The number 5’s lack of commitment also extends to personal relationships. They tend to be very self-absorbed and unaware of the effect of their actions on other people. There is also a tendency to place what others might interpret as the most important priority in life as last and the least important consideration first. As other people often feel tricked or fooled by number 5’s, they tend to experience a series of broken relationships.
A sign that a number 5 has strayed completely off his or her life path would be an over emphasis on decadence or the demoralization of all those who encounter the individual. If you are a number 5 who is constantly encountering criticism, derision, dissonance and a lack of stability in your life, you have probably strayed from your life’s purpose, which is to create a more generous and utopian future for others.
Life Path Number 6
Those following the number 6 Life Path are usually people-pleasers that have a great need to feel indispensable to others. For this reason many number 6’s often dedicate their lives to being caregivers and service providers such a doctors, nurses, counselors, fire fighters and law keepers.
These self-less individuals believe that they should share the burdens of others as they proceed on their life’s journey. They are usually mature souls who are not afraid to assume responsibility or take charge of difficult situations.
Number 6’s usually feel a spiritual obligation to help others and do so by constantly displaying kindness, tenderness and compassion to all that they meet. As children, these natural born leaders usually display a wisdom, bravery and self-control that are far beyond their age.
Number 6’s are also domestic creatures whose actions are often motivated by a love of children and family. It is rare for a number 6 to have money problems, unless the cause is assisting someone who is less unfortunate. They are also more likely to adopt a child or work in a capacity that involves coaching youth (such as a baseball team) than other numbers. They usually earn the unqualified respect of family and friends because of their willingness to carry more than their fair share of the load when it comes to interacting with the community.
Number 6’s have very few negative qualities, except for a tendency to codependency. 6’s that find himself or herself enslaved to an addicted or mentally ill partner might not be following their true path, as this is a sign that they have become enablers, rather than healers of the diseases. Their life purpose is to love and nurture all who they encounter, not just that one special exclusive someone.
Life Path Number 7
Those embarking on number 7 Life Paths are affectionate, peace-loving individuals who prefer rationality to inspiration. These reserved and analytical deep-thinkers make great mathematicians, engineers, inventors, scientists and doctors.
These intellectual and studious personalities often pursue advanced academic careers. As they love to read and absorb information, they usually require a great deal of private time to cultivate their knowledge. Number 7 children often excel at school and appear to be “old souls” for their age.
Number 7 s are perfectionists who prefer silence to music, noise and crowds. They are methodical and thorough analysts who believe that “if you can’t do a job right, don’t do it at all.”
Suspicious 7’s do not make friends easily. They despise the guile and manipulations associated with popular culture and dismiss all who do not pass their strict moral standards. 7’s often appear very reserved and aloof to others and many find it takes some time to even get up the nerve to approach them. Once a 7 does make a friend, however, it is usually for life.
Although they are skeptical and analytical creatures, 7’s do rely on their gut instincts more than they rely on statistics, public opinion polls or advice from others. As they dislike being manipulated, television or the media disgusts many.
These hermits enjoy being alone and far away from the hustle and bustle of modern life. For this reason, many of them prefer to live in the country where their nerves are not irritated by the hectic pace of urban life.
The shadow side of a 7 is a tendency to become pessimistic, overly logical, quarrelsome and pessimistic. Many 7s are brilliant and (perhaps deservedly so) feel that the world owes them a living. If you are a number 7 who can’t seem to deal with people at all there is a chance that abrasive character traits that were formally considered eccentric have been demoted down to repulsive. A sign that a number 7 has strayed completely off of his or her life path is a complete withdrawal from society. In this case, the troubled 7 should try to recognize his or her original ambitions to improve the world through the application of wisdom.
Life Path Number 8
Followers of the number 8 Life Path are naturally lucky individuals whose soul purpose is to acquire material wealth. People on this path have relatively little time for dreams and visions, as they are busy applying their prodigal organizational abilities to the real world.
Number 8s are usually confident, charismatic individuals who are adept at spotting trends and opportunities. Usually their life purpose is learning to manipulate money and power without becoming corrupted in the process.
These social climbers will go to great lengths to meet the right person at the right time. Even if an 8 is from an unprivileged background, he or she will go to a lot of trouble to be seen at the right parties, wearing the right clothes and hobnobbing with the real players in the room. People who boast a “from rags to riches” history often are number 8’s.
8’s who use their natural luck for good are endowed with tremendous potential for practically improving the lives of thousands, perhaps millions of people. 8’s are practical and steady in their pursuit of major objectives and their tenacity and determination allows them to beat their competition every time. Courageous number 8’s also have an incredible capacity to “not sweat the small stuff” and often beat out their competitors simply through sheer endurance or fortitude.
Some 8’s take a shadowy diversion from their truth path by expressing greed, lust and unbridled ambition. They can be tyrants on the job and seem cold and heartless at home. They should avoid discounting the opinions of others, especially when it comes to emotional relationships.
Sometimes the pursuit of riches becomes more important than personal relationships. *8’s are considered to be on the wrong path if an attachment to material objects is taking over their desire to share material and spiritual riches with the rest of the world.
Life Path Number 9
Those on the number 9 Life path are destined to travel a humanitarian path. These individuals make great diplomats, environmentalists, veterinarians, teachers, judges, social workers, nuns, priests and healers.
These sophisticated individual are very selfless souls and are often patient, trustworthy and honorable from the very beginning to the end of their life. Their moral rectitude, compassion and generosity often identify them.
Noble number 9’s are willing to take on great responsibilities in the name of justice or fighting for the underdog. Very few of them are interested in material gain. Many of them believe they will get their rewards in heaven for good deeds done on earth. It is also not unusual for a number 9 to give up all of their material possessions for the common good.
Sometimes 9’s express their deep understanding of life through painting, writing, music or other art forms. Many also become mystics, channellers, light workers, Reiki masters, witches and alternative healers.
The number 9 personality is best suited to the healing and care giving professions. Their sensitive natures tend to be completely trampled in traditional, competitive business environments.
Number 9’s have winning smiles and make friends very easily. They are great listeners and many of them can make others feel better just with a simple pat on the hand. Although they are fantastic with strangers, they are not so great in one on one relationship. One on one relationships often seem toxic to sophisticated number nines who are turned off by the drama, possessiveness and terminal uniqueness that is associated with the ideal of a soul mate. 9’s also do not like sex much, unless it is related to a tantra or practiced for the purposes of procreation. Many of them purposely remain single so that they can treat everybody like their soul mate.
9’s who stray from their wrong paths often find themselves feeling angry or hostile towards those they have helped. They may feel their generosity has been misused or abused. Their life path is to have faith in God or a Higher Power rather than other people. The number 9 who is giving with an expectation of reward, needs to reexamine his or own inner core and principles.
The negative side of 9’s manifests when they find others leaving them out of the loop. Their eccentricity causes others to treat them like village idiot. Sometimes 9’s lofty ideals are presented in a manner that others find absurd, spacey or hilarious. Part of a 9’s life path to express spiritual principles through actions, rather than through preaching or proselytizing.
Life Path Number 11
The Number 11 Life Path is concerned with spiritual illumination. Often a number 11 will display an understanding and knowledge of metaphysical matters that is far beyond the grasp of others.
11’s tend to lead a life of extremes. In their quest to find a balance between the rational and the irrationality they will often pursue the most eclectic of religions and cultures. These avant-garde and visionary individuals make great students, psychics, mystics, healers, teachers, writers, musicians and artists.
The number 11 will often sacrifice all in the pursuit of occult or metaphysical knowledge. Their thirst for learning persuades many of them to join cults or New Age Movements. Fortunately if they do get in trouble, they often demonstrate a brilliant resilience.
11’s can also be chameleons when it comes to career. Many of them try on careers the same way others try on clothes. The odd thing is that these “quick studies” are usually successful at whatever they do. Many of them will often boast two careers at once, often antithetical to each other. It is an 11 that you will find working as the manager of a bank by day, and then moonlighting as a Tarot Reader at night.
However, 11’s best utilize their life’s purpose by attempting to become teachers or counseling. Most 11’s are very skilled healers at the subconscious level and others are often healed by their touching and insightful words.
On the negative side 11’s often expect a great deal of themselves and others. Many of them are “wounded healers” who at some point in their life suffer a devastating experience that propels them on the search for spirituality. However along with these situations usually come a lot of toxic emotional baggage and a harsh inner critic. It takes many 11’s their entire life to rid themselves of the chip on their shoulder.
11’s are also very nervous individuals who are prone to illnesses that have a dual nature such as manic depression and schizophrenia. A tendency towards dreaminess sometimes delays them from finding their true purpose in life. In fact, 11’s are often late bloomers who do not start making money doing what they love until after age 40.
An 11 has strayed from his or her path when he or she finds himself always dreaming of big schemes, but never taking practical action to put these ideas into action. This means the 11 is not progressing and stuck in the “visionary” stage of enlightenment.
Life Path Number 22
Those following the life path of 22 are called master teachers. They are the most powerful of the Life Path numbers and are endowed with many powers. They have a unique talent for manifesting ideas into the realm of reality.
Whatever a 22 thinks about is almost sure to become manifest so it is very important for them to choose their thoughts carefully. If they are willing to work for what they desire they can achieve enormous prestige, success and fame. Things often come easily to 22’s who others often describe as being “born with a silver spoon.” They can accomplish a great deal with very little effort.
Negative 22’s are very rare, but sometimes they display what looks like insensitivity. This is part of a spiritual directive to be detached from objects and the outcome of events. Many of them work for material gain, with the idea that their wealth should be spread among the masses.
Life Path Number 33
A birth date that reduces down to 33 is very rare. When it does happen you are looking at a great and significant spiritual leader along the lines of the Dalai Lama or Gandhi.
These individuals do not display any typicality in terms of their life story, however they do usually achieve fame through acts of kindness, tenderness and compassion that lead to the transformation of the world’s consciousness.
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The Family Crucible, by Napier and Whitaker (1978), reads like a novel while at the same time laying down some of the fundamental concepts of family systems therapy. It is a case study of one family’s experience in family therapy. While the therapy shifts from daughter to son and then to parent interaction to daughters and son, it is finally the couple’s marriage that must be treated if issues are to be resolved. Even the grandparents are brought into therapy to get at the family of origin issues.
The book opens with a quote from James Agee and Walker Evans: “The family must take care of itself; it has no mother or father; there is no shelter, nor resource, nor any love, interest, sustaining strength or comfort, so near, nor can anything happy or sorrowful that comes to anyone in this family possibly mean to those outside it what it means to those within it; but it is, as I have told, inconceivably lonely, drawn upon itself as tramps are drawn round a fire in the cruelest weather; and thus and in such loneliness it exists among other families, each of which is no less lonely, nor any less without help or comfort, and is likewise drawn in upon itself.”
Through the telling of the Brice family’s story, Napier and Whitaker illustrate underlying dynamics such as structural imbalances in the system and how child focus is a typical method used by unhappy couples to avoid dealing with their own marital and family of origin issues. Fusion, triangles, individual and family life cycle stages, family-of-origin themes, polarization, reciprocity, blaming, and the hierarchy and characteristics of living systems are among the concepts that are explained and illustrated through this family’s therapy experience. David and Carolyn, an unhappily married couple, are the parents of Claudia (the IP), Laura, and Don. The book is well written and hard to put down once you start reading it.
Whitaker has been criticized in the field, because many people believe that he does not really have a theory. It is believed that it is only his charismatic personality that drives his treatment. I disagree. I believe that one has only to read his chapter in The Handbook of Family Therapy (1981) and see these concepts illustrated in The Family Crucible to realize the depth and breadth of his theory.
In the service of reviewing the book, it is useful to consider Whitaker’s background and key theoretical concepts. He began as an OB/GYN and had no formal psychiatric training. He became involved in treating schizophrenics after World War II. Whitaker was interested in understanding disturbed relationships in a familial context and in determining whether serious symptoms such as those in psychotics might be reinforced by dysfunctional family patterns and beliefs.
From 1946 to 1955, Whitaker (1981) became involved in treating schizophrenia with a type of aggressive play therapy. In fact, Whitaker’s most formative training was in a child guidance clinic where he learned play therapy (Whitaker, 1981). Whitaker used some outrageous methods, including learning to talk “crazy,” arm wrestling, use of a baby bottle, and rocking, all of which were rooted in his training experience.
At the same time that he developed these techniques, he developed a kind of pyknolepsy, wherein he would fall asleep in the middle of a session. He would dream about his relationship with the patient being treated, and then make his associations to the dream a part of the therapy session (Whitaker, 1981). In justifying his unique techniques, Whitaker emphasized that “Each technique is a process whereby the therapist is developing himself and using the patient as an intermediary, that is the therapist is interacting in a primary process model” (p. 188).
In 1946, Whitaker (1981) moved to Emory, where he became chair of the Department of Psychiatry. It was here that he developed dual co-therapy with Dr. Thomas Malone. In 1964, Whitaker worked with David Keith to develop a postgraduate specialty in MFT at the University of Wisconsin School of Medicine. The development of symbolic-experiential methodology required students to “. . . take everything said by the patient as symbolically important as well as realistically factual” (Whitaker, 1981, p. 189).
Whitaker (1981) defined health as “. . . a process of perpetual becoming” (p. 190). He emphasized that what is most important in a healthy family is “. . . the sense of an integrated whole. . . The healthy family is not a fragmented group nor a congealed group. . . The healthy family will utilize constructive input and handle negative feedback with power and comfort. The group is also therapist to the individuals” (p. 190). Whitaker also defines the healthy family as “. . . a three to four generational whole that is longitudinally integrated. . . maintaining a separation of the generations. Mother and father are not children and the children are not parents” (p. 190). Whitaker also looked at the degree of volitional access parents and children have to outside support and interests. The families of origin in healthy families are on friendly terms.
Importantly, Whitaker looked to spontaneity as a marker of healthy communication in families. The healthy family allows each member to admit to problems and to identify competencies. Thus, it is emphasized that healthy families allow great freedom for the individual to be himself. Whitaker (1981) states that “. . . normal families do no reify stress” (p. 190).
Whitaker (1981) emphasized that a basic characteristic of all healthy families is the availability of an “as if” structure, which permits different family members to take on different roles at different times. Roles result from interaction instead of being rigidly defined. They are defined by various conditions, including the past, present, future, culture, and demands of the family at a given time. On the other hand, Whitaker defined the dysfunctional family as “. . . characterized by a very limited sense of the whole” (p. 194). Lack of flexibility at times of change, covert communication, intolerance of conflict, lack of spontaneity, lack of empathy, blaming and scapegoating, a lack of playfulness, and little sense of humor are all markers of unhealthy families from Whitaker’s perspective.
Whitaker placed heavy emphasis on the technique of co-therapy. In The Family Crucible, for example, the reader constantly witnesses Whitaker and Napier turn up the power. Whitaker and Napier’s process techniques illustrated in the book are designed to disorganize rigid patterns of behavior directly in session. The exposure of covert behaviors is considered to be the family’s misguided effort to stay in tact by submerging real feelings. There is a decisive here-and-now quality to symbolic-experiential interventions used in The Family Crucible, with a focus upon creating and then addressing en vivo emotional dynamics in therapy session.
Napier and Whitaker insisted that the entire Brice family be present in therapy. Indeed, Whitaker’s symbolic-experiential treatment model considered it crucial to begin the treatment process with the entire family (Napier and Whitaker, 1978). Whitaker (1981) has emphasized that “Our demand to have the whole family in is the beginning of our ‘battle for structure.’ It begins with the first phone call” (p. 204). He asserts that it is “. . . difficult to do process-focused family therapy without the children” and the “. . . experiential quality of family therapy requires the children’s presence” (p. 205). In the book, Napier and Whitaker (1978) frequently attempt change through playing and teasing, especially with Laura, Don, and Claudia. Members from David and Carolyn’s families of origin are invited to session. Whitaker (1981) states that in arranging for four generations to come to interviews as consultants that he is “. . . helping to evolve a large system anxiety” (p. 204). Experience is privileged over cognitive engagement throughout the treatment with the Brice family, as it is conceptualized that experience trumps cognitive growth in this theory.
Napier and Whitaker (1978) describe their co-therapy as symbolic of a professional marriage. Early treatment of the Brice family involved the co-therapists making decisions. Symbolically, they viewed the family as a baby taking its first steps. As such, the family required structure, so it follows that the therapists made unilateral decisions. Once Napier and Whitaker had won the battle for control, the therapists, like parents raising children, soften considerably. In the middle phase of the Brice family’s treatment, decisions about treatment were made more collaboratively. Again, the model for this process is increasing differentiation of the family. As therapy proceeded, the therapists took increasingly smaller roles, watching like proud parents as the Brice family became more integrated into changing themselves independent of the therapists. Whitaker (1981) clarifies that the therapy process “. . . begins with infancy and goes to late adolescence, where the initiative is with the kids, who then bear responsibility for their own living” (p. 107).
Throughout the book, it is implicitly and explicitly emphasized that the self-development of the therapists is the most important variable in the success of therapy. Napier and Whitaker (1978) acted as coaches or surrogate grandparents to the Brice family as therapy progressed. They were active and considered themselves to be the forces for change. Rather than a blank screen, they acted as allies of the family system. Especially in the beginning, Napier and Whitaker were directive. They used silence, confrontation and other anxiety-building techniques to unbalance the system. They acted as catalysts, who picked up on the unspoken and discovered the undercurrents represented by the family’s symbolic communication patterns. The co-therapists privileged their subjective impressions.
More than anything else, Napier and Whitaker (1978) had the courage to be themselves. They knew how to meet the absurdities of life and how to bring out people’s primary impulses. They believed strongly in the healing power of the human being, and, even more, of the family. They insisted that the family be in contact with its own craziness, play, and honor the spontaneous through their own modeling and directing.
The reader could observe how this symbolic-experiential therapy team moved through several stages. In the early part of treatment, the co-therapists battle for structure and they are all-powerful. In the mid-phase, the parental team functioned as stress activators, growth expanders, and creativity stimulators. Late in treatment, the co-therapists sat back and watched, respecting the independent functioning of the family. Whitaker (1981) holds that the “The sequence of joining and distancing is important. It is a lot like being with children. A father can get furious with his kids one minute, then be loving the next. We take the same stance with families” (p. 205). Thus, the role of the co-therapists was dynamic over the course of treatment with the Brice family.
Whether as a training therapist or a lay reader, it is inspirational to study the therapy offered by Napier and Whitaker (1978) in The Family Crucible. Self-disclosure, creative play, teaching stories, spontaneous interpersonal messages, the use of metaphor, and the sharing of parts of the therapists’ lives that reflect a working through in their own living are used generously. Process techniques intended to activate confusion around Claudia, the identified patient, unbalance the system, and open up authentic dialogue between marital partners and between the generations of extended families are used. It is emphasized, however, that it is not technique, but personal involvement that enabled Whitaker and Napier (1978) to do their best. It is continually illustrated how symbolic (emotional) experiences are fundamentally formative in the treatment of families, illustrated poignantly with the Brice family. Therefore, such experience should be created in session. To expose the covert world beneath the surface world is the most curative factor for the Brice family, is it is for all families. By getting inside the Brice family’s unique language and symbolic system, the therapists were able to move the family’s awareness from the content level to the symbolic level.
In THE FAMILY CRUCIBLE, Napier (1978) describes the curative process of Whitaker’s family therapy from the perspective of the co-therapist. The courage to embrace life’s absurdities involves the courage to be oneself, to the point of even sharing your free associations and thoughts with families. Daring to participate in the lives of the families, or even inviting them to share in your own life in order to get them in contact with submerged associations, helps families to get to the primary process level. In fact, the book underlines that the force of the therapist is central to treatment, so that the family’s encounter with the therapists is the primary curative agent. The goal of psychotherapy with the Brice family, as with all families, is to provide therapeutic experiences, and questions should be fired off in ways to unbalance the family. When Whitaker asks Carolyn, “When did you divorce your husband and marry the children?” he acts as an agent of change. He does not care whether the client likes him. And it is here that one realizes that the success of the psychotherapy depends on the emotional maturity of the therapist. The person of the therapist is at the heart of what good psychotherapy is all about. Since Whitaker states that therapy for the therapist is crucial, experiential training is essential for the therapist who would provide his/her clients with experiential treatment. In conclusion, this highly readable, inspirational, and useful book deserves a central place on every therapist’s bookshelf.
References
Whitaker, C. A. (1981). Symbolic-experiential family therapy. In A. S. Gurman & D. P.
Knistern (Eds.), Handbook of family therapy (pp. 187-225). New York: Brunner/Mazel.
Napier, A. Y., & Whitaker, C. (1978). The family crucible: The intense experience of
therapy. New York: HarperCollins.
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